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Appendix A summarizes the history of the all-driver hand-held cellphone laws, all-driver texting laws, and teenage driver cellphone laws, including effective dates and key provisions.Ĭonducting rigorous evaluations of highway safety laws can be challenging. Thus, currently there is a patchwork of laws limiting drivers’ cellphone use across the United States. Only three states - Arizona, Montana, and South Carolina - have no laws limiting drivers’ cellphone use.
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These laws generally prohibit any use of an electronic device/telecommunications device/ cellphone, whether hands-free or hand-held the laws may be based on age (e.g., younger than 18) or license stage (e.g., learner’s permit or intermediate license). Beginning with New Jersey on January 8, 2002, 37 states and the District of Columbia have implemented laws targeting teenage drivers. Many states rapidly followed suit, and currently 41 states and the District of Columbia prohibit texting by all drivers.
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The language in early hand-held cellphone laws in Connecticut (effective October 1, 2005) and the District of Columbia (effective July 1, 2004) covered text messaging, but Washington enacted the first law specifically banning all drivers from texting, effective January 1, 2008. All of the laws allow emergency calls, most allow hand-held dialing, and some allow talking when stopped in traffic, at controlled intersections, or on the side of the road. Currently a total of 12 states and the District of Columbia have such laws. On November 1, 2001, New York became the first state to implement a law prohibiting all drivers from talking on a hand-held cellphone while driving. This paper summarizes the research on the effectiveness of these laws in the United States. These laws are widespread in other countries and are increasingly common in the United States. Bolstered by this research, concerns about the risks of drivers’ cellphone use led to the passage of laws limiting use. As cell-phones began to proliferate in the late 1990s, a number of experimental studies found decrements in simulated or instrumented driving performance associated with phone use, and a well-publicized epidemiological study found a fourfold increase in the risk of a property damage-only crash associated with a driver’s phone conversation. This approach, for example, has led to increases in seat belt use, decreases in alcohol-impaired driving, and ultimately reductions in crash deaths. Strong laws with publicized strong enforcement are a proven countermeasure for changing driver behavior. Priorities for future research are suggested. Thus, despite the proliferation of laws limiting drivers’ cellphone use, it is unclear whether they are having the desired effects on safety. The lack of appropriate controls and other challenges in conducting strong evaluations limited the findings of some studies. Some were single-state studies examining crash measures before and after a state ban other national or multi-state studies compared crashes in states with and without bans over time.
With regard to the effects of bans on crashes, 11 peer-reviewed papers or technical reports of all-driver hand-held phone bans and texting bans were reviewed. The effects of texting bans on the rates of drivers’ texting are unknown. Bans on all phone use by teenage drivers have not been shown to reduce their phone use. The evidence suggests that all-driver bans on hand-held phone conversations have resulted in long-term reductions in hand-held phone use, and drivers in ban states reported higher rates of hands-free phone use and lower overall phone use compared with drivers in non-ban states.
states have laws limiting drivers’ cellphone use.
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